Cowpea in evolving livestock systems

Demand for livestock products has been increasing through much of the semi-arid
tropics and will likely continue to increase along with the use of purchased feedstuffs. As
smallholder livestock systems evolve and become more market oriented, the type of diets
fed to livestock may change and the importance of feed marketing may increase. Mixed
crop–livestock systems are key to meeting this increasing livestock product demand and
cowpea (Vigna unguiculata [L.] Walp.) fodder (haulms) is an important component of these
systems in semi-arid regions of the tropics where its high nutritional quality allows it to be
used as a supplement to livestock diets based on cereal stovers and other low-quality
forages. Improving the nutritional quality of cowpea fodder for use by livestock is important
to improving the productivity and profitability of these mixed farming systems. Legume
fodders will remain an important part of changing livestock diets and the development of
cowpea varieties that better feed both people and their farm animals will give farmers new
and better choices for improving levels and efficiency of livestock production. Cowpea
breeding programs have worked toward producing dual-purpose varieties that emphasize
the production of grain and fodder since the late 1980s and have produced several that
have become well accepted when tested on-farm. Systematic screening of cowpea genetic
resources is important for advancing development of dual-purpose varieties. Involvement
of cultivar release agencies and seed production programs are also important to advance
the use of improved dual-purpose crop varieties.